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Bipropellant Rocket Propulsion Systems: Advantages and Disadvantages

Bipropellant refers to a type of rocket propulsion system that uses two different types of propellants, typically one liquid and one solid. The liquid propellant is usually a hydrocarbon-based fuel, such as RP-1 (refined petroleum-1) or liquid hydrogen, while the solid propellant is typically ammonium perchlorate composite propellant.

The bipropellant system works by combining the liquid fuel and solid oxidizer in a single combustion chamber, where they are ignited to produce hot gas that exits the nozzle and generates thrust. The liquid fuel provides a high specific impulse (a measure of the efficiency of a rocket engine), while the solid oxidizer provides a consistent and stable burn rate.

Bipropellant systems are commonly used in smaller rockets and missiles, as well as in some satellite launch vehicles. They offer several advantages over monopropellant systems, including higher specific impulse, better stability and control, and lower cost. However, they also have some disadvantages, such as more complex technology and lower thrust-to-weight ratio.

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