The History and Risks of Vermilion, a Toxic Pigment

Vermilion is a bright red pigment made from the mineral cinnabar, which is composed of mercury sulfide (HgS). It has been used as a pigment in painting and decorative arts for centuries, particularly in traditional Chinese and European art. Vermilion is highly toxic due to its mercury content, and its use has been largely discontinued in modern times.

Vermilion was once a highly valued pigment, not only for its vibrant color but also for its durability and lightfastness. It was often used to create bold, striking highlights in paintings, particularly in the faces and clothing of figures. However, its toxicity has made it a hazard to artists and art conservators, and it has largely been replaced by safer, synthetic pigments.

Despite its risks, vermilion continues to be used in some traditional art forms, such as Chinese calligraphy and painting. In these contexts, the risk of exposure is minimized through careful handling and use of protective equipment. However, the use of vermilion in modern art and decorative arts is generally discouraged due to its toxicity and the availability of safer alternatives.