The Khedivial Period in Egyptian History

Khedivial is a term that was used in the 19th and early 20th centuries to refer to the rulers of Egypt, who were known as khedives. The word "khedive" is derived from the Arabic phrase "khadīf," which means "viceroy."

The khedives were the governors of Egypt under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, and later under British colonial rule. They were appointed by the sultan or the British government, and were responsible for administering the country and implementing their policies.

The khedivial period in Egyptian history began in 1867, when Ismail Pasha was appointed as the first khedive of Egypt by the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I. The khedivial system continued until 1914, when the British occupied Egypt during World War I and deposed the last khedive, Abbas Hilmi II.

During the khedivial period, Egypt underwent significant modernization and development, including the construction of railways, schools, and hospitals. However, the khedives also faced challenges such as poverty, famine, and political unrest, which led to the eventual British occupation of the country.